What does the term "institutional discrimination" refer to?

The term "institutional discrimination" refers to discriminatory practices that are embedded within the policies, procedures, and practices of institutions. This type of discrimination is not necessarily a result of individual biases but rather arises from systematic structures that create disadvantages for specific groups within society. Such practices can occur in various settings, including education, employment, healthcare, and the criminal justice system.

For example, if a school district's policies inadvertently favor certain demographic groups over others, making it harder for marginalized groups to succeed or access resources, this would exemplify institutional discrimination. It characterizes how institutions can perpetuate inequality through their established frameworks, regardless of the intentions of the individuals working within them.

In contrast to the other options, which focus on individual biases, private enterprises, or international policies, the core of institutional discrimination lies in systemic frameworks that influence opportunities and outcomes for individuals based on their demographic characteristics. Understanding this distinction is critical for addressing and reforming the systems that uphold discrimination in society.